An amplitude modulation (AM) transmitter is a device used to transmit information using AM radio waves. It consists of several components that work together to convert the information signal into an AM radio signal that can be transmitted over the air.

The main components of an AM transmitter are:

1. Input stage: This is where the information signal is fed into the transmitter. The information signal can be an audio signal, such as music or speech, or it can be a digital signal, such as data.

2. Modulator: The modulator is responsible for adding the information signal to the carrier wave. In AM, the information is encoded in the amplitude of the carrier wave, so the modulator varies the amplitude of the carrier wave according to the information signal.

3. Oscillator: The oscillator generates the carrier wave that will be modulated by the information signal. The carrier wave has a constant frequency and amplitude, and it serves as the foundation for the modulated signal.

4. Amplifier: The amplifier increases the strength of the modulated signal so that it can be transmitted over a long distance.

5. Antenna: The antenna is used to transmit the modulated signal over the air. It converts the electrical signal into electromagnetic waves that can be received by receivers.

An AM transmitter typically operates at a specific frequency or range of frequencies, which are allocated by regulatory authorities for different types of communication. The transmitted signal is received by AM receivers, which demodulate the signal to extract the original information.

Describe Block Diagram of Radio Transmitter

A radio transmitter is a device that converts an information signal into a radio signal that can be transmitted over the air. The basic block diagram of a radio transmitter is shown below:

2. Modulator: The modulator is responsible for encoding the information signal into the radio signal. The type of modulator used depends on the type of radio transmission being used. For example, in amplitude modulation (AM), the modulator varies the amplitude of the carrier wave according to the information signal. In frequency modulation (FM), the modulator varies the frequency of the carrier wave according to the information signal. In phase modulation (PM), the modulator varies the phase of the carrier wave according to the information signal.

4. Amplifier: The amplifier increases the strength of the modulated signal so that it can be transmitted over a long distance.

5. Antenna: The antenna is used to transmit the modulated signal over the air. It converts the electrical signal into electromagnetic waves that can be received by receivers.

This is a basic block diagram of a radio transmitter. There may be additional components or stages in a more complex transmitter, depending on the specific requirements of the application.

Show the Effect of Feedback on operation of Transmitter

Feedback is the process of returning a portion of the output signal of a system back to the input. In a radio transmitter, feedback can have a significant effect on the operation of the transmitter, depending on the type of feedback and the way it is implemented.

Positive feedback: Positive feedback occurs when the output signal is fed back to the input in such a way that it amplifies the original input signal. This can lead to oscillation and instability in the transmitter, as the feedback loop amplifies the signal more and more with each iteration.

Negative feedback: Negative feedback occurs when the output signal is fed back to the input in such a way that it reduces the gain of the system. Negative feedback is often used to stabilize the operation of a transmitter, as it helps to reduce the impact of external disturbances and maintain the desired output signal.

In a radio transmitter, positive feedback can cause problems such as distortion and overloading, while negative feedback can help to improve the performance and stability of the transmitter. The use of feedback in a transmitter is typically carefully controlled to ensure that it has the desired effect on the operation of the system.

Recall AM Receiver

An amplitude modulation (AM) receiver is a device used to receive and demodulate AM radio signals. It consists of several components that work together to convert the AM radio signal into an information signal that can be understood or used by the user.

The main components of an AM receiver are:

1. The antenna: The antenna receives the AM radio signal and converts it into an electrical signal that can be processed by the receiver.

2. The radio frequency (RF) amplifier: The RF amplifier amplifies the weak electrical signal received by the antenna.

3. The mixer: The mixer converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is easier to process and filter.

4. The IF amplifier: The IF amplifier amplifies the IF signal to a level suitable for demodulation.

5. The demodulator: The demodulator extracts the information signal from the AM radio signal by removing table the carrier wave and recovering the original modulating signal.

6. The audio amplifier: The audio amplifier amplifies the recovered information signal to a level for the user, such as for a speaker or headphones.

AM receiver receives AM wave and demodulates it by using the envelope detector. Similarly, FM receiver receives FM wave and demodulates it by using the Frequency Discrimination method. Following are the requirements of both AM and FM receiver.

It should be cost-effective.
It should receive the corresponding modulated waves.
The receiver should be able to tune and amplify the desired station.
It should have an ability to reject the unwanted stations.
Demodulation has to be done to all the station signals, irrespective of the carrier signal frequency.

For these requirements to be fulfilled, the tuner circuit and the mixer circuit should be very effective. The procedure of RF mixing is an interesting phenomenon.

RF Mixing

The RF mixing unit develops an Intermediate Frequency (IF) to which any received signal is converted, so as to process the signal effectively.

RF Mixer is an important stage in the receiver. Two signals of different frequencies are taken where one signal level affects the level of the other signal, to produce the resultant mixed output. The input signals and the resultant mixer output is illustrated in the following figures.

These three ports are the radio frequency (RF) input, the local oscillator (LO) input, and the intermediate frequency (IF) output. A mixer takes an RF input signal at a frequency fRF, mixes it with a LO signal at a frequency fLO, and produces an IF output signal that consists of the sum and difference frequencies, fRF ± fLO. The user provides a bandpass filter that follows the mixer and selects the sum (fRF + fLO) or difference (fRF – fLO) frequency.

An AM receiver typically operates at a specific frequency or range of frequencies, which are allocated by regulatory authorities for different types of communication. The received signal is demodulated to extract the original information, which can be an audio signal, such as music or speech, or a digital signal, such as data.

Classify AM Receivers

AM receivers can be classified according to several different criteria, including the type of demodulation used, the type of output produced, and the level of complexity of the receiver. Here are some common ways to classify AM receivers:

1. Based on demodulation method:

Envelope detection: This type of AM receiver uses a diode to detect the envelope of the AM signal and recover the original modulating signal. It is simple and inexpensive, but it has poor performance in the presence of noise and interference.
Synchronous detection: This type of AM receiver uses a local oscillator to generate a signal that is in synchronism with the carrier wave of the AM signal. The local oscillator signal is mixed with the AM signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is then demodulated to recover the original modulating signal. Synchronous detection provides better performance than envelope detection in the presence of noise and interference.

2. Based on output type:

Audio output: This type of AM receiver produces an audio output, such as for a speaker or headphones. It is typically used for radio communication, where the information being transmitted is an audio signal.
Digital output: This type of AM receiver produces a digital output, such as for a computer or other device. It is typically used for data communication, where the information being transmitted is a digital signal.

3. Based on complexity:

Simple AM receiver: A simple AM receiver consists of a few basic components, such as an antenna, RF amplifier, demodulator, and audio amplifier. It is inexpensive and easy to build, but it has limited performance and is not suitable for all types of communication.
Complex AM receiver: A complex AM receiver consists of a larger number of components and stages, such as mixers, IF amplifiers, filters, and other specialized circuits. It has better performance and a wider range of capabilities, but it is also more expensive and more difficult to build.

Recall the Characteristics of AM Receivers: Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Fidelity

AM receivers are evaluated based on several key characteristics that determine their performance in different types of communication. These characteristics include sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity.

1. Sensitivity: Sensitivity is a measure of the weakest signal that a receiver can detect and amplify to a usable level. A receiver with high sensitivity is able to receive and amplify weak signals, while a receiver with low sensitivity may not be able to pick up weak signals or may produce a lot of noise and interference.

2. Selectivity: Selectivity is a measure of the ability of a receiver to reject unwanted signals and only amplify the desired signal. A receiver with high selectivity is able to reject interference and noise from other sources, while a receiver with low selectivity may produce a lot of interference and noise.

3. Fidelity: Fidelity is a measure of the accuracy with which a receiver reproduces the original information signal. A receiver with high fidelity accurately reproduces the original signal, while a receiver with low fidelity may produce a distorted or degraded version of the signal.

AM receivers are designed to optimize these characteristics for the specific requirements of the application. For example, a receiver used for long-range communication may have higher sensitivity and selectivity, while a receiver used for high-fidelity music reproduction may have higher fidelity.

Describe Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver

A tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver is a type of AM radio receiver that uses tuned circuits to select the desired radio frequency and reject unwanted signals. It consists of several stages that work together to amplify and demodulate the radio signal, and it uses one or more tuned circuits to select the desired frequency.

The main components of a TRF receiver are:

1. The antenna: The antenna receives the radio signal and converts it into an electrical signal that can be processed by the receiver.

2. The RF amplifier: The RF amplifier amplifies the weak electrical signal received by the antenna.

3. The tuned RF amplifier: The tuned RF amplifier is a stage of amplification that uses a tuned circuit to select the desired frequency and reject unwanted signals. It consists of an amplifier and a resonant circuit, which is tuned to the desired frequency.

4. The detector: The detector demodulates the AM radio signal to extract the original information signal. It can be an envelope detector, which uses a diode to detect the envelope of the AM signal, or a synchronous detector, which uses a local oscillator to demodulate the AM signal.

5. The audio amplifier: The audio amplifier amplifies the recovered information signal to a level suitable for the user, such as for a speaker or headphones.

A TRF receiver is a simple and inexpensive type of AM receiver that is suitable for basic radio communication. It has limited performance and is not suitable for all types of communication, but it can be a useful starting point for understanding the principles of radio receiver design.

Recall the Limitations of Tuned Frequency Receiver

Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers have several limitations that limit their performance and make them less suitable for certain types of communication. Some of the main limitations of TRF receivers are:

1. Poor sensitivity: TRF receivers have poor sensitivity compared to more advanced receivers, which means that they may not be able to pick up weak signals or may produce a lot of noise and interference.

2. Limited selectivity: TRF receivers have limited selectivity compared to more advanced receivers, which means that they may not be able to reject interference and noise from other sources effectively.

3. Poor fidelity: TRF receivers may produce a distorted or degraded version of the original information signal due to the limited performance of the detector and audio amplifier stages.

4. Limited frequency range: TRF receivers are limited to a specific frequency range, and they may not be able to receive signals outside of this range. This can be a problem if the desired signal is outside of the receiver’s frequency range, or if the receiver is used in an environment with a lot of interference from other sources.

5. Complexity: TRF receivers are relatively complex compared to more advanced receivers, and they require multiple stages and tuned circuits to function. This can make them difficult to build and maintain.

Overall, TRF receivers are suitable for basic radio communication, but they have limited performance and are not suitable for all types of communication. More advanced receivers, such as superheterodyne receivers, are generally preferred for higher-performance applications.

Describe Block Diagram of Superheterodyne Receiver

A superheterodyne receiver is a type of radio receiver that uses the superheterodyne principle to improve the performance and versatility of the receiver. It consists of several stages that work together to amplify, select, and demodulate the radio signal.

The basic block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver is shown below:

1. Antenna: The antenna receives the radio signal and converts it into an electrical signal that can be processed by the receiver.

2. RF amplifier: The RF amplifier amplifies the weak electrical signal received by the antenna.

3. Mixer: The mixer converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal by mixing it with a local oscillator signal. The local oscillator signal is generated by the receiver and is adjustable over a wide range of frequencies.

4. IF amplifier: The IF amplifier amplifies the IF signal to a level suitable for demodulation. It may also use a tuned circuit to select a specific frequency range and reject unwanted signals.

5. Demodulator: The demodulator demodulates the AM radio signal to extract the original information signal. It can be an envelope detector, which uses a diode to detect the envelope of the AM signal, or a synchronous detector, which uses a local oscillator to demodulate the AM signal.

6. Audio Amplifier: The audio amplifier amplifies the recovered information signal to a level suitable for the user, such as for a speaker or headphones.

This is a basic block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver. There may be additional components or stages in a more complex receiver, depending on the specific requirements of the application.

Recall Intermediate Frequency and Local Oscillator

The intermediate frequency (IF) and the local oscillator are important components of a superheterodyne receiver.

The intermediate frequency (IF) is an intermediate frequency that is used to process and amplify the radio signal in a superheterodyne receiver. It is produced by mixing the radio frequency (RF) signal with a local oscillator signal using a mixer stage. The resulting IF signal has a frequency that is the difference between the RF signal and the local oscillator signal.

The local oscillator is a signal generator that is used to produce the local oscillator signal in a superheterodyne receiver. It is usually adjustable over a wide range of frequencies, and it is used to mix with the RF signal to produce the IF signal. The local oscillator is also used to demodulate the IF signal to recover the original information signal in some types of superheterodyne receivers.

The use of an IF and a local oscillator allows a superheterodyne receiver to process and amplify the radio signal at a lower frequency than the RF signal, which makes it easier to filter and amplify. It also allows the receiver to select a specific frequency range and reject unwanted signals using a tuned circuit. Overall, the IF and local oscillator are key components that enable the improved performance and versatility of a superheterodyne receiver.

Describe Tracking or Tuning of Superheterodyne Receiver

Tracking, or tuning, in a superheterodyne receiver refers to the process of adjusting the local oscillator to the correct frequency to receive a specific radio station or signal. It is an important aspect of the operation of a superheterodyne receiver, as the local oscillator must be correctly adjusted to produce the correct intermediate frequency (IF) signal and demodulate the radio signal correctly.

Tracking in a superheterodyne receiver can be achieved using a variety of methods, including manual tuning using a dial or knob, automatic tracking using a microprocessor or other control system, and digital tuning using a digital display or computer interface.

In manual tuning, the user adjusts the local oscillator frequency using a dial or knob on the front panel of the receiver. This allows the user to tune the receiver to a specific frequency or frequency range by matching the dial or knob setting to the desired station or signal.

In automatic tracking, the receiver uses a microprocessor or other control system to automatically adjust the local oscillator frequency to the correct setting. This can be done using algorithms that analyze the radio signal and determine the correct frequency, or by using pre-programmed frequency tables or other reference sources.

In digital tuning, the receiver uses a digital display or computer interface to allow the user to specify the desired frequency or station using digits or other symbols. This can be done manually or using a search function or other automated methods.

Overall, tracking in a superheterodyne receiver is an important aspect of its operation, as it enables the receiver to select the desired radio station or signal and reject unwanted signals.

Recall Image Frequency and its Rejection

The image frequency is a frequency that is produced by the superheterodyne principle in a radio receiver. It is the result of mixing the radio frequency (RF) signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The image frequency is equal to the sum of the RF signal and the local oscillator signal, and it can cause problems in the receiver if it is not properly rejected.

The image frequency rejection ratio is a measure of the ability of a radio receiver to reject the image frequency and only amplify the desired RF signal. A high image frequency rejection ratio indicates that the receiver is able to effectively reject the image frequency and only amplify the desired RF signal, while a low image frequency rejection ratio indicates that the receiver may amplify the image frequency as well as the desired RF signal.

The image frequency rejection ratio is an important performance parameter of a radio receiver, especially in the case of superheterodyne receivers, which use the superheterodyne principle to process and amplify the RF signal. A high image frequency rejection ratio is necessary to ensure that the receiver performs correctly and does not produce unwanted signals or interference.

There are several ways to improve the image frequency rejection ratio of a radio receiver, including using a high-Q tuned circuit for the intermediate frequency amplifier, using a high-Q resonator for the local oscillator, and using a mixer with good image rejection. These techniques can help to improve the performance of the receiver and reduce the impact of the image frequency on its operation.

Describe the Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

A block diagram of an FM transmitter can be represented as follows:

1. Audio source: This block represents the input audio signal that is to be transmitted. The audio source can be a microphone, a music player, or any other device that produces an audio signal.

2. Pre-emphasis circuit: This block is used to apply pre-emphasis to the audio signal. Pre-emphasis is a process in which the higher frequencies of the audio signal are boosted before transmission. This helps to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce distortion during transmission.

3. Modulator: This block is used to modulate the audio signal onto an intermediate frequency (IF) carrier. In FM transmission, the frequency of the carrier is varied according to the amplitude of the audio signal. This is known as frequency modulation (FM).

4. Local oscillator (LO): This block generates a high-frequency carrier signal that is used as the reference signal in the modulator. The frequency of the local oscillator determines the frequency of the transmitted signal.

5. Mixer: This block combines the modulated signal from the modulator with the local oscillator signal to produce the transmitted signal at the desired frequency.

6. Amplifier: This block amplifies the transmitted signal to the required power level for transmission.

7. Antenna: This block transmits the amplified signal over the airwaves to the receiver.

8. Power supply: This block provides the required electrical power to all the components of the FM transmitter.

Describe the Block Diagram of FM Receiver

A block diagram of an FM receiver can be represented as follows:

Here’s a brief explanation of each section:

RF Section: This section includes the antenna and the components that filter and amplify the incoming RF signal. Its job is to capture the desired signal and reject any unwanted signals and noise.
Mixer/Oscillator: This section includes a local oscillator and a mixer. The mixer combines the incoming RF signal with the local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal.
IF Amplifier: This section amplifies the IF signal and filters out unwanted signals and noise.
FM Detector: This section demodulates the FM signal to produce a baseband audio signal.
Audio Amplifier: This section amplifies the audio signal to a level that can drive a speaker or headphones.
Audio: The audio output is produced by a speaker or headphones.

Note that there can be additional stages in a more complex FM receiver, such as automatic gain control (AGC) to adjust the gain of the RF and IF amplifiers, and stereo decoding to separate left and right audio channels in a stereo FM signal.

Recall Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM Transmitter and Receiver

Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis are techniques used in FM transmission and reception to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce distortion.

Pre-emphasis is a process in which the higher frequencies of the audio signal are boosted before transmission. This is done by applying a high-pass filter to the audio signal, with a cutoff frequency that increases with the frequency of the signal. Pre-emphasis helps to reduce the impact of noise and interference on the transmitted signal, as these tend to affect the lower frequencies more.

De-emphasis is the opposite of pre-emphasis, and is used to restore the original frequency response of the audio signal after it has been transmitted and received. It is done by applying a low-pass filter to the received signal, with a cutoff frequency that matches the pre-emphasis used in the transmitter. De-emphasis helps to reduce the distortion caused by the pre-emphasis, and to restore the original dynamic range of the audio signal.

Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis are typically implemented using simple RC circuits. The time constants of these circuits determine the cutoff frequencies of the filters, and are chosen to match the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis characteristics used in the transmitter and receiver.

Recall Automatic Gain Control, its types, and characteristics

Automatic gain control (AGC) is a circuit that automatically adjusts the gain of a system to maintain a constant output level. It is commonly used in electronic systems that have to deal with large variations in input signal level, such as radio receivers and cameras.

There are two main types of AGC:

1. Linear AGC: This type of AGC adjusts the gain of the system in a linear fashion, based on the input signal level. It is typically implemented using a feedback control loop, with a reference level and an error amplifier. The error amplifier compares the output signal level with the reference level, and adjusts the gain of the system accordingly. Linear AGC is simple to implement, but has a limited dynamic range and can introduce some distortion.

2. Logarithmic AGC: This type of AGC adjusts the gain of the system in a logarithmic fashion, based on the input signal level. It is typically implemented using a logarithmic amplifier or a logarithmic compressor. Logarithmic AGC has a wider dynamic range than linear AGC, and can handle larger variations in input signal level without introducing significant distortion. However, it is more complex to implement, and requires careful design to avoid introducing nonlinearities.

Some characteristics of AGC systems include:

Attack time: This is the time it takes for the AGC to adjust the gain of the system in response to a change in the input signal level. It is typically in the range of a few milliseconds.
Release time: This is the time it takes for the AGC to restore the gain of the system to its normal level after a change in the input signal level. It is typically longer than the attack time, and is in the range of a few tens of milliseconds.
Hold time: This is the time it takes for the AGC to stabilize the gain of the system after a change in the input signal level. It is typically longer than the release time, and is in the range of a few hundred milliseconds.
Dynamic range: This is the range of input signal levels over which the AGC can operate without introducing significant distortion or clipping. It is typically measured in decibels (dB).
Reference level: This is the level at which the AGC aims to maintain the output signal. It is typically adjustable, and is chosen based on the desired signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity of the system.

Recall Double Spotting and Dynamic Range

Double spotting is a phenomenon that occurs in radio receivers when the automatic gain control (AGC) system has a slow attack time and a fast release time. It is characterised by a fluctuating output signal level, with rapid increases and decreases in gain.

Double spotting can occur when the input signal level changes rapidly, such as when switching between different stations or when a strong signal is received after a weak one. In these cases, the AGC system takes a long time to adjust the gain of the system to the new signal level, but then releases the gain quickly when the signal level drops again. This results in an output signal with a fluctuating level, which can be annoying to the listener.

Dynamic range is a measure of the range of input signal levels that a system can handle without introducing distortion or clipping. It is typically measured in decibels (dB). A system with a large dynamic range can handle a wide range of input signal levels without degrading the quality of the output signal.

In radio receivers, the dynamic range is determined by the sensitivity of the receiver, the performance of the AGC system, and the noise floor of the system. A receiver with a large dynamic range can receive both weak and strong signals without introducing significant distortion, while a receiver with a small dynamic range may only be able to receive strong signals without introducing distortion.

Double spotting can occur when the dynamic range of the receiver is not sufficient to handle the range of signal levels that it encounters. In this case, the AGC system may not be able to keep up with the changes in the input signal level, resulting in a fluctuating output signal level. To avoid double spotting, it is important to choose a receiver with a sufficient dynamic range and a well-designed AGC system.

Describe FM Stereo Transmitter and Receiver

FM stereo transmission is a method of transmitting two audio channels (left and right) over a single FM radio frequency. It allows listeners to enjoy stereo sound, with a wider frequency response and a more realistic soundstage.

A block diagram of an FM stereo transmitter can be represented as follows:

1. Audio sources: These blocks represent the input audio signals that are to be transmitted. The audio sources can be microphones, music players, or any other devices that produce audio signals.

2. Pre-emphasis circuits: These blocks are used to apply pre-emphasis to the audio signals. Pre-emphasis is a process in which the higher frequencies of the audio signals are boosted before transmission. This helps to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce distortion during transmission.

3. Modulators: These blocks are used to modulate the audio signals onto intermediate frequency (IF) carriers. In FM transmission, the frequency of the carriers is varied according to the amplitude of the audio signals. This is known as frequency modulation (FM).

4. Local oscillators (LOs): These blocks generate high-frequency carrier signals that are used as reference signals in the modulators. The frequency of the local oscillators determines the frequency of the transmitted signals.

5. Mixers: These blocks combine the modulated signals from the modulators with the local oscillator signals to produce the transmitted signals at the desired frequencies.

6. Stereo encoder: This block encodes the left and right audio signals into a single stereo signal using a technique called frequency modulation (FM). In FM stereo encoding, the left and right audio signals are frequency modulated onto two subcarriers that are located at a fixed frequency offset from the main carrier.

7. Amplifier: This block amplifies the transmitted stereo signal to the required power level for transmission.

8. Antenna: This block transmits the amplified stereo signal over the airwaves to the receiver.

9. Power supply: This block provides the required electrical power to all the components of the FM stereo transmitter.

A block diagram of an FM stereo receiver can be represented as follows:

1. Antenna: This block receives the transmitted FM stereo signal from the airwaves.

2. Radio frequency (RF) amplifier: This block amplifies the weak received signal to a level suitable for processing.

3. Mixer: This block combines the amplified RF signal with a local oscillator signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal.

4. IF amplifier: This block amplifies the IF signal to a level suitable for detection.

5. Detector: This block demodulates the IF signal to recover the original stereo signal. In FM receivers, the frequency demodulation method is used to extract the audio signal from the carrier.

6. Stereo decoder: This block decodes the stereo signal into left and right audio signals using a technique called frequency demodulation (FM). In FM stereo decoding, the left and right audio signals are extracted from the subcarriers by demodulating them with a reference signal.

7. Audio amplifiers: These blocks amplify the left and right audio signals to a level suitable for driving the speakers.

8. Speakers: These blocks convert the amplified audio signals into sound waves that can be heard by the listener.

9. Power supply: This block provides the required electrical power to all the components of the FM stereo receiver.

AM and FM Transmitters and Receivers

Recall AM Transmitter

Describe Block Diagram of Radio Transmitter

Show the Effect of Feedback on operation of Transmitter

Recall AM Receiver

Classify AM Receivers

Recall the Characteristics of AM Receivers: Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Fidelity

Describe Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver

Recall the Limitations of Tuned Frequency Receiver

Describe Block Diagram of Superheterodyne Receiver

Recall Intermediate Frequency and Local Oscillator

Describe Tracking or Tuning of Superheterodyne Receiver

Recall Image Frequency and its Rejection

Describe the Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

Describe the Block Diagram of FM Receiver

Recall Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM Transmitter and Receiver

Recall Automatic Gain Control, its types, and characteristics

Recall Double Spotting and Dynamic Range

Describe FM Stereo Transmitter and Receiver

2Learn Windows App

2learn Android App

Links

About

Social

Know about 2learn

We Differentiate because

Copyright @ 2023 Eduneev Inc