One-dimensional Unsteady Conduction

Contents

Define steady and unsteady/transient heat conduction 1

Explain the Periodic and Non-periodic temperature variation 1

Describe Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis with negligible internal thermal resistance 2

Explain Biot and Fourier number 3

Describe instantaneous heat flow and total heat transfer rate 4

Explain the concept of Time Constant 4

Explain the response time of temperature measuring instruments 5

Explain the Transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance 6

Explain the utility of Heisler Chart in transient heat conduction problem 7

Define steady and unsteady/transient heat conduction

Steady and unsteady/transient heat conduction are two different modes of heat transfer.

Steady heat conduction refers to a situation where the rate of heat transfer through a material is constant over time, and the temperature distribution within the material remains constant. In other words, the temperature at any point within the material remains constant with time.

Unsteady or transient heat conduction, on the other hand, refers to a situation where the rate of heat transfer through a material changes with time, and the temperature distribution within the material also changes with time. In this situation, the temperature at any point within the material changes as time progresses.

Transient heat conduction occurs in situations where the temperature boundary conditions are changing with time, such as in the heating or cooling of a material. Steady heat conduction, on the other hand, occurs when the temperature boundary conditions are constant and unchanging with time.

Explain the Periodic and Non-periodic temperature variation

Steady heat conduction refers to a situation where the temperature distribution of a material remains constant over time. The rate of heat flow remains the same and does not change with time. On the other hand, unsteady or transient heat conduction refers to a situation where the temperature distribution of a material changes over time. The rate of heat flow changes with time.

Periodic temperature variation refers to a situation where the temperature of a material changes in a repetitive manner over time. The changes in temperature follow a regular pattern and repeat after a specific interval of time. This type of temperature variation can be seen in materials subjected to cyclic heating and cooling.

Non-periodic temperature variation refers to a situation where the temperature of a material changes in an unpredictable manner over time. The changes in temperature do not follow a regular pattern and cannot be predicted with certainty. This type of temperature variation can be seen in materials subjected to sudden changes in temperature due to external factors such as exposure to fire or a change in ambient temperature.

Describe Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis with negligible internal thermal resistance

Lumped Heat Capacity Analysis is a method used to analyze the heat transfer behavior in systems where the internal thermal resistance can be considered negligible. In this method, the entire system is considered as a single “lump” or entity, and the temperature change of the entire system is analyzed in response to a change in heat input.

This method assumes that the entire system has a uniform temperature, which is a reasonable assumption when the internal thermal resistance is negligible. The heat capacity of the system is calculated based on the mass, specific heat, and temperature change of the system. The rate of heat transfer is then determined by the difference between the heat input and the heat lost by the system, which can be expressed as:

Qdot = m x c x dT / dt

where m is the mass of the system, c is the specific heat, dT is the change in temperature, and dt is the change in time.

This method is useful in understanding the overall heat transfer behavior of a system and can be applied to various applications such as in heating or cooling systems, energy storage systems, and more. However, it may not be appropriate for systems where the internal thermal resistance is significant, as it does not take into account the temperature variations within the system.

Explain Biot and Fourier number

The Biot and Fourier numbers are two important dimensionless parameters used in heat conduction analysis. They are used to describe the relative importance of conduction and convection in heat transfer.

The Biot number (Bi) is a measure of the ratio of internal heat generation to the rate of heat transfer by conduction. It is defined as:

Bi = hL/k

Where h is the heat transfer coefficient, L is the characteristic length, and k is the thermal conductivity.

The Fourier number (Fo) is a measure of the ratio of the rate of heat transfer by conduction to the rate of heat transfer by convection. It is defined as:

Fo = αt/L²

Where α is the thermal diffusivity and t is the time.

The Biot and Fourier numbers provide a convenient way to compare the relative importance of heat transfer by conduction and convection. For small Biot numbers, conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer, whereas for large Biot numbers, convection becomes the dominant mode of heat transfer. Similarly, for small Fourier numbers, conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer, whereas for large Fourier numbers, convection becomes the dominant mode of heat transfer. Understanding the Biot and Fourier numbers is important in designing and analyzing heat transfer systems.

Describe instantaneous heat flow and total heat transfer rate

The concept of heat transfer during steady and unsteady (or transient) conditions is an important part of heat transfer analysis. When heat transfer occurs at a constant rate over time, it is referred to as steady heat transfer. On the other hand, unsteady or transient heat transfer refers to a situation where heat transfer rate changes with time.

In the context of heat transfer, the lumped heat capacity analysis is used to describe the behavior of a system where the internal thermal resistance is negligible. This means that heat is transferred uniformly and instantly throughout the system, such as a solid block of material. The Biot and Fourier numbers are two important parameters that describe the relative importance of conduction and convection in the heat transfer process. The Biot number is a ratio of the internal heat conduction resistance to the surface convection resistance, while the Fourier number is a ratio of the internal heat conduction resistance to the internal storage capacity.

Instantaneous heat flow refers to the rate of heat transfer at a specific point in time. The total heat transfer rate, on the other hand, refers to the total amount of heat transferred over a certain period of time. These concepts play a crucial role in understanding the behavior of a system undergoing heat transfer, and in designing efficient thermal management systems.

Explain the concept of Time Constant

The time constant (τ) is a measure of the speed at which a system changes from its initial state to its final state. It is a characteristic of a system’s behavior and is an important concept in the study of transient heat conduction.

In heat conduction, the time constant represents the time required for a system to reach 63.2% of its final temperature change, starting from an initial temperature change. It is related to the thermal diffusivity of the system, which is a measure of the system’s ability to conduct heat. A larger thermal diffusivity means that the system will reach its final temperature change faster, and therefore, the time constant will be smaller.

The time constant is useful in predicting the transient behavior of heat conduction in a system. By knowing the time constant, engineers can design systems that meet desired thermal performance requirements, and predict how quickly a system will respond to a temperature change.

Explain the response time of temperature measuring instruments

Response time is a measure of the time it takes for a temperature measuring instrument to reach and display a stable temperature reading after being exposed to a change in temperature.

There are a few factors that affect the response time of temperature measuring instruments, including:

1. Heat Capacity: The heat capacity of a temperature measuring instrument refers to the amount of heat energy required to change its temperature. The larger the heat capacity, the slower the response time, as it takes more time for the instrument to absorb and respond to the temperature change.
2. Heat Conductivity: The heat conductivity of a temperature measuring instrument refers to how well it conducts heat. The better the heat conductivity, the faster the response time, as the instrument is able to quickly absorb and respond to the temperature change.
3. Sensor Type: Different types of temperature sensors have different response times. For example, thermocouples and RTDs have relatively slow response times, while thermistors and infrared sensors have faster response times.
4. Size of the Sensing Element: The size of the sensing element can also affect response time. A larger sensing element will have a slower response time, while a smaller sensing element will have a faster response time.
5. Sampling Rate: The sampling rate refers to the frequency at which the temperature measuring instrument takes readings. The higher the sampling rate, the faster the response time, as the instrument is able to quickly respond to temperature changes.

In conclusion, response time is a crucial factor to consider when selecting a temperature measuring instrument, as it can greatly impact the accuracy of temperature readings.

Explain the Transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance

Transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance refers to the process of heat transfer in solid materials, where both the conductive and convective resistance to heat transfer play a role. This means that the rate of heat transfer through the material depends on both the intrinsic properties of the material (such as thermal conductivity) and the conditions at the surfaces of the material (such as the temperature difference and the presence of a fluid or air flow).

There are two main factors that affect the transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance:

1. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity transfer heat more efficiently than materials with low thermal conductivity. The rate of heat transfer through a solid material is directly proportional to its thermal conductivity.
2. Convective Resistance: Convective resistance refers to the resistance to heat transfer due to the presence of a fluid or air flow at the surface of the material. The rate of heat transfer through a solid material is inversely proportional to the convective resistance. In other words, if the convective resistance is high, the rate of heat transfer will be low, and vice versa.

Transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance can be modelled mathematically using various methods, such as the Fourier’s law of heat conduction and the heat equation. These models take into account the thermal conductivity and convective resistance of the material and the initial and boundary conditions to predict the rate of heat transfer and the temperature distribution over time.

In conclusion, the transient heat conduction in solids with finite conduction and convective resistance is a complex process that depends on both the intrinsic properties of the material and the conditions at the surfaces of the material. Understanding this process is important for a wide range of applications, including the design and optimization of thermal systems, energy conservation, and materials science.

Explain the utility of Heisler Chart in transient heat conduction problem

A Heisler Chart is a graphical tool used to solve transient heat conduction problems. It provides a graphical representation of the solution to the heat conduction equation for one-dimensional steady-state or unsteady-state heat transfer.

The Heisler Chart consists of a graph with temperature on the vertical axis and time or distance on the horizontal axis. The heat conduction equation is used to determine the temperature distribution in the material at any given time. The solution to the equation is then plotted on the Heisler Chart to provide a visual representation of the temperature distribution.

The utility of the Heisler Chart lies in its ability to provide a quick and easy solution to transient heat conduction problems without the need for complex mathematical calculations. The chart can be used to determine the temperature distribution in a material at any given time, as well as the rate of heat transfer and the temperature difference at the boundaries.

The Heisler Chart is particularly useful for solving problems involving one-dimensional heat transfer in materials with constant thermal conductivity and uniform initial temperature. It can also be used to determine the time required for a material to reach a certain temperature, and to compare the performance of different materials under similar heat transfer conditions.

In conclusion, the Heisler Chart is a useful and convenient tool for solving transient heat conduction problems. Its ability to provide a graphical representation of the solution makes it a valuable tool for engineers, scientists, and researchers working in the field of thermal management.