Turning Moment and Flywheel

Contents

Define the key terms such as Displacement Velocity, and acceleration of slider 1

Recall Angular displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration of connecting rod 2

State D-Alember’s Principle 3

Recall different forces in a Single-Slider crank mechanism like Inertia forces etc 4

Recall the Equivalent Dynamical system 5

Calculate the Equivalent Dynamical system of Two masses by graphical method 6

Draw turning moment diagrams for various engines like Single-cylinder, Multicylinder etc 7

Define the key terms such as Fluctuation of energy and Fluctuation of speed 8

Define Flywheel and its uses 8

Describe the design procedure for Flywheel Rim 11

Recall the use of Flywheel in a punching press 13

Define the key terms such as Displacement Velocity, and acceleration of slider

In the context of mechanism design and analysis, the following terms are commonly used to describe the motion of sliders:

1. Displacement: This refers to the change in position of the slider over a period of time. It is a vector quantity that is measured in units of distance, such as meters or millimetres. The displacement of a slider is calculated as the difference between its final and initial positions, and it can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of motion.
2. Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time. It is also a vector quantity and is measured in units of distance per unit time, such as meters per second or millimetres per minute. The velocity of a slider can be calculated as the slope of the displacement-time graph, or as the derivative of displacement with respect to time. It can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of motion.
3. Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. It is a vector quantity that is measured in units of distance per unit time squared, such as meters per second squared or millimetres per minute squared. The acceleration of a slider can be calculated as the slope of the velocity-time graph, or as the second derivative of displacement with respect to time. It can be either positive or negative depending on whether the slider is speeding up or slowing down.

In summary, displacement, velocity, and acceleration are all key terms used to describe the motion of sliders in mechanism design and analysis. Displacement is the change in position of the slider, velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. These quantities are all vectors, and their direction can be either positive or negative depending on the direction of motion.

Recall Angular displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration of connecting rod

In the context of mechanism design and analysis, the following terms are commonly used to describe the motion of a connecting rod:

1. Angular displacement: Angular displacement is the change in the angle of the connecting rod about its rotational axis. It is a scalar quantity and is measured in units of radians or degrees. The angular displacement of a connecting rod is calculated as the difference between its final and initial angular positions.
2. Angular velocity: Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement over time. It is also a scalar quantity and is measured in units of radians per second or degrees per minute. The angular velocity of a connecting rod can be calculated as the slope of the angular displacement-time graph, or as the derivative of angular displacement with respect to time.
3. Angular acceleration: Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity over time. It is a scalar quantity that is measured in units of radians per second squared or degrees per minute squared. The angular acceleration of a connecting rod can be calculated as the slope of the angular velocity-time graph, or as the second derivative of angular displacement with respect to time.

In the case of a connecting rod, the angular displacement is determined by the position of the crankshaft and the length of the connecting rod. As the crankshaft rotates, the connecting rod moves in a circular path, causing the angular displacement to change. The angular velocity and acceleration of the connecting rod are determined by the rate of change of the angular displacement, with the angular acceleration being affected by the force acting on the connecting rod.

In summary, the angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a connecting rod are all important quantities used in mechanism design and analysis. The angular displacement is the change in the angle of the connecting rod, the angular velocity is the rate of change of angular displacement over time, and the angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity over time. These quantities are all scalar, and their units are typically measured in radians or degrees per unit time.

State D-Alember’s Principle

D’Alembert’s Principle is a fundamental principle in mechanics that is used to analyze the motion of particles and rigid bodies. It states that the dynamic equilibrium of a system of particles or a rigid body can be determined by considering the virtual work of the external forces and the internal forces in the system.

In simple terms, D’Alembert’s Principle asserts that a system of particles or a rigid body in equilibrium will experience no net force or torque, and hence no acceleration, if the sum of the external forces and the inertial forces acting on the system is equal to zero. The inertial forces are equal and opposite to the external forces, and they arise from the acceleration of the particles or the rigid body.

D’Alembert’s Principle is often used to analyze the motion of mechanical systems, including machines, mechanisms, and structures. It can be applied to both static and dynamic systems, and it is especially useful for solving problems that involve multiple forces and complex motions.

One of the main advantages of D’Alembert’s Principle is that it simplifies the analysis of mechanical systems by reducing the problem to a balance of forces and torques. This allows the engineer or designer to focus on the external forces and the internal forces, such as those caused by friction and deformation, that are critical to the performance of the system.

In summary, D’Alembert’s Principle is a fundamental principle in mechanics that states that the dynamic equilibrium of a system of particles or a rigid body can be determined by considering the virtual work of the external forces and the internal forces in the system. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the motion of mechanical systems and is used extensively in machine design, mechanism analysis, and structural engineering.

Recall different forces in a Single-Slider crank mechanism like Inertia forces etc

A single-slider crank mechanism is a type of mechanical system that consists of a slider, which moves back and forth along a linear path, and a crank, which rotates around a fixed axis. When the crank rotates, it causes the slider to move, and this motion can be used to perform various functions, such as generating power or transmitting motion.

In a single-slider crank mechanism, there are several forces that act on the system, including:

1. Inertia forces: Inertia forces are the forces that arise from the motion of the system. When the slider moves back and forth, it experiences a change in velocity and acceleration, which causes inertia forces to act on the system. These forces are proportional to the mass of the slider and the rate of change of its velocity.
2. Applied forces: Applied forces are the forces that are applied to the system from the outside, such as the force applied by a motor or an external load. These forces can be in any direction and magnitude and can affect the motion and stability of the system.
3. Friction forces: Friction forces are the forces that arise from the interaction between the slider and the surface it moves along, and between the crank and its bearings. These forces can affect the efficiency and accuracy of the system, and can cause wear and tear on the components.
4. Torque forces: Torque forces are the forces that arise from the rotation of the crank. These forces can cause the slider to accelerate or decelerate, and can affect the stability and performance of the system.
5. Compression forces: Compression forces are the forces that arise when the slider is in contact with another component, such as a cylinder or a valve. These forces can affect the pressure and flow of fluids in the system, and can also affect the wear and tear on the components.

In summary, a single-slider crank mechanism is a complex system that is subject to a variety of forces, including inertia forces, applied forces, friction forces, torque forces, and compression forces. Understanding these forces and their effects is critical to designing and analyzing the performance of the mechanism.

Recall the Equivalent Dynamical system

The equivalent dynamical system is a concept in mechanical engineering that simplifies the analysis of complex mechanical systems. It involves replacing a complex system with a simpler, equivalent system that has the same behavior under certain conditions. The equivalent system is usually chosen to be a single mass-spring-damper system that represents the dynamic behavior of the original system.

The concept of the equivalent dynamical system is based on the principle of superposition, which states that the response of a linear system to a sum of inputs is equal to the sum of the responses to each input separately. The idea is to apply the principle of superposition to a complex mechanical system by breaking it down into a set of simpler components, each of which can be represented by a mass-spring-damper system.

The equivalent dynamical system can be used to simplify the analysis of a variety of mechanical systems, including vibrating systems, machines, and mechanisms. It allows engineers and designers to focus on the dynamic behavior of the system without being distracted by the details of its structure or geometry.

One of the main advantages of the equivalent dynamical system is that it reduces the complexity of the analysis and makes it easier to solve problems. It can also help to identify the critical parameters of the system that affect its performance and behavior, such as the natural frequency, damping ratio, and stiffness.

In summary, the equivalent dynamical system is a concept in mechanical engineering that involves replacing a complex mechanical system with a simpler, equivalent system that has the same behavior under certain conditions. The equivalent system is usually a mass-spring-damper system that represents the dynamic behavior of the original system. This concept is based on the principle of superposition and allows engineers and designers to simplify the analysis of complex mechanical systems.

Calculate the Equivalent Dynamical system of Two masses by graphical method

The graphical method is a common technique used to determine the equivalent dynamical system of two masses. This method involves drawing a diagram of the original system and using it to identify the parameters of the equivalent mass-spring-damper system.

The first step in the graphical method is to draw a diagram of the original system. This diagram should show the two masses and the forces acting on them, as well as the springs and dampers connecting them. The diagram should also include the displacements, velocities, and accelerations of the masses.

Once the diagram is complete, the next step is to use it to determine the parameters of the equivalent mass-spring-damper system. The mass-spring-damper system has two degrees of freedom, so it is necessary to identify the two displacements that describe the motion of the system. These are usually the displacements of the two masses relative to their equilibrium positions.

To determine the equivalent parameters, the diagram is used to write down the equations of motion for the two masses. These equations can then be combined to form a system of two second-order differential equations. These equations are then solved to obtain the natural frequency, damping ratio, and stiffness of the equivalent mass-spring-damper system.

Once the parameters of the equivalent system have been determined, the final step is to draw a diagram of the equivalent system. This diagram should show the mass, spring, and damper that make up the equivalent system, as well as the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the equivalent mass.

In summary, the graphical method is a common technique used to determine the equivalent dynamical system of two masses. This method involves drawing a diagram of the original system and using it to identify the parameters of the equivalent mass-spring-damper system. The parameters are determined by writing down the equations of motion for the two masses and solving them to obtain the natural frequency, damping ratio, and stiffness of the equivalent system. The equivalent system can then be represented by a mass-spring-damper system that has the same behavior as the original system.

Draw turning moment diagrams for various engines like Single-cylinder, Multicylinder etc

A turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of the varying torque produced by an engine during one cycle. It is an important tool for understanding the operation of engines and analyzing their performance.

To draw a turning moment diagram for a single-cylinder engine, the first step is to divide the cycle into four equal parts: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The turning moment diagram can then be plotted as a function of the crankshaft angle for each part of the cycle.

During the intake stroke, the turning moment is negative because the engine is doing work on the piston to draw in the air/fuel mixture. During the compression stroke, the turning moment is positive because the engine is doing work on the mixture to compress it. During the power stroke, the turning moment is at its maximum because the expanding gases are doing work on the piston. During the exhaust stroke, the turning moment is negative again because the engine is doing work to expel the exhaust gases.

For a multi cylinder engine, the turning moment diagram is more complex because the firing order of the cylinders must be taken into account. The turning moment diagram for a four-stroke, four-cylinder engine with a firing order of 1-3-4-2, for example, would show four peaks, each representing the power stroke of a different cylinder.

To draw a turning moment diagram for a multi cylinder engine, the same process is followed as for a single-cylinder engine, but the turning moments are added up for each part of the cycle, taking into account the firing order of the cylinders.

In summary, turning moment diagrams are a useful tool for understanding the operation of engines and analyzing their performance. To draw a turning moment diagram for a single-cylinder engine, the cycle is divided into four parts and the turning moment is plotted as a function of crankshaft angle for each part. For a multi cylinder engine, the firing order of the cylinders must be taken into account, and the turning moments are added up for each part of the cycle.

Define the key terms such as Fluctuation of energy and Fluctuation of speed

In engineering, the terms fluctuation of energy and fluctuation of speed refer to variations in the energy or speed of a machine or system during operation.

Fluctuation of energy, also known as cyclic fluctuation of energy, refers to the variations in the net energy output of a machine or system over a period of time. These fluctuations can result from a variety of factors, including variations in the input power, changes in the load, and internal losses within the machine. Fluctuations in energy output can affect the performance and efficiency of the machine, and can cause vibration and noise.

Fluctuation of speed, also known as cyclic fluctuation of speed, refers to the variations in the rotational speed of a machine or system over a period of time. These fluctuations can result from similar factors as those affecting energy output, and can also be caused by variations in the torque output of the machine or system. Fluctuations in speed can lead to variations in power output and can cause problems such as vibration and noise.

Both types of fluctuations can be minimised through careful design and engineering of the machine or system, and through the use of control systems that regulate the input power, load, and other factors. For example, the use of flywheels can help to smooth out fluctuations in energy and speed, while feedback control systems can be used to regulate the speed and energy output of machines.

In summary, fluctuation of energy and fluctuation of speed refer to variations in the energy or speed of a machine or system during operation, and can result from a variety of factors. These fluctuations can affect the performance and efficiency of the machine or system, and can be minimised through careful design and engineering, and the use of control systems.

Define Flywheel and its uses

A flywheel is a mechanical device that stores rotational energy in a spinning disc, cylinder, or wheel. It acts as an energy reservoir, absorbing and releasing kinetic energy as needed. The flywheel’s primary purpose is to smooth out variations in rotational speed and maintain a constant rotational speed for a given load.

Uses of Flywheels:

1. Energy storage: A flywheel can store energy for use later, much like a battery. This makes flywheels useful in applications where energy needs to be stored and released quickly, such as in electric vehicles and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
2. Mechanical power transmission: Flywheels can be used to transmit power from one machine to another. By connecting two machines with a flywheel, the flywheel can smooth out any variations in rotational speed, ensuring that the second machine receives a constant, smooth supply of power.
3. Vibration reduction: Flywheels can reduce vibrations caused by engines, motors, or other rotating equipment. By absorbing small variations in rotational speed, the flywheel reduces the vibrations that can be transmitted through the rest of the machine, improving its overall performance and reducing wear and tear.
4. Crankshaft balancing: In internal combustion engines, flywheels can be used to balance the crankshaft. The flywheel is attached to the end of the crankshaft, and its weight distribution is carefully calibrated to counteract the imbalances in the rotating assembly. This helps to reduce engine vibration and noise and improves overall engine performance.
5. Gyroscopic stabilization: Flywheels can be used to stabilize vehicles or other equipment that are prone to tipping or rolling over. By spinning rapidly, the flywheel creates a gyroscopic effect that resists changes in orientation, helping to keep the vehicle or equipment stable.

In conclusion, flywheels are versatile mechanical devices that have a wide range of uses, including energy storage, power transmission, vibration reduction, crankshaft balancing, and gyroscopic stabilization. By storing and releasing energy as needed, flywheels help to smooth out variations in rotational speed and improve the overall performance and efficiency of machines and equipment.

Recall the energy stored in Flywheel

The energy stored in a flywheel is a function of its mass, shape, and rotational speed. The amount of energy stored in a flywheel can be calculated using the formula:

E = (1/2) * I * w²

where E is the energy stored in the flywheel in joules, I is the moment of inertia of the flywheel in kilogram meters squared (kg m²), and w is the angular velocity of the flywheel in radians per second (rad/s).

The moment of inertia of a flywheel is a measure of its resistance to changes in rotational motion. It depends on the mass and shape of the flywheel, with larger and more massive flywheels having a higher moment of inertia. The angular velocity of the flywheel is the rate at which it is rotating, with higher speeds resulting in more energy being stored.

For example, consider a flywheel with a moment of inertia of 0.5 kg m² and a rotational speed of 1000 rpm (or approximately 104.72 rad/s). Using the formula above, we can calculate the energy stored in the flywheel as follows:

E = (1/2) x I x w²

E = (1/2) x 0.5 x (104.72)²

E = 2744.4 joules

This means that the flywheel is capable of storing 2744.4 joules of energy, which can be used for various purposes such as powering a machine or providing backup power in case of an outage.

It’s important to note that the energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of the rotational speed, which means that higher rotational speeds result in a much larger amount of energy being stored. However, this also means that the flywheel can be dangerous if it is not properly designed or maintained, as a sudden failure or imbalance can cause it to spin out of control and cause damage or injury. Therefore, proper care must be taken in the design, construction, and operation of flywheels to ensure their safe and efficient use.

Describe the design procedure for Flywheel Rim

The design of a flywheel rim involves selecting suitable materials, determining the required dimensions, and verifying that the rim will meet the necessary strength and durability requirements.

The following are the general steps involved in the design procedure for a flywheel rim:

1. Determine the required energy storage capacity of the flywheel based on the application’s power and energy requirements.
2. Determine the maximum rotational speed of the flywheel based on the speed at which the flywheel will be operating, and any relevant safety standards.
3. Select a suitable material for the flywheel rim based on its mechanical properties, such as strength, stiffness, and fatigue resistance. Common materials used for flywheel rims include steel, aluminium, and composite materials.
4. Determine the required dimensions of the flywheel rim, including its diameter, width, and thickness. The dimensions will depend on the flywheel’s energy storage capacity, the maximum rotational speed, and the selected material.
5. Design the shape of the rim to ensure it has adequate strength and stiffness to withstand the forces generated during operation. The shape of the rim can vary depending on the application and material used. Common rim shapes include solid discs, spoked rims, and composite shells.
6. Determine the required number and placement of bolt holes for attaching the rim to the flywheel hub. The bolt holes must be placed in a manner that ensures even loading and reduces stress concentrations.
7. Perform finite element analysis (FEA) to verify that the rim design meets the required strength and stiffness criteria. FEA involves modelling the flywheel and applying loads and boundary conditions to simulate real-world operating conditions.
8. Perform dynamic analysis to verify that the rim design can handle the expected vibrations and stress caused by the rotating assembly. Dynamic analysis involves simulating the flywheel’s vibrations and checking that they are within acceptable limits.
9. Prototype the flywheel rim and conduct physical testing to verify that it meets the design criteria and performance requirements.

In conclusion, designing a flywheel rim requires selecting suitable materials, determining the required dimensions, designing the rim shape to ensure adequate strength and stiffness, determining the number and placement of bolt holes, and performing FEA and dynamic analysis to verify the design. Proper design procedures are critical to ensure the safe and reliable operation of flywheels in various applications.

Recall the use of Flywheel in a punching press

A flywheel is commonly used in punching presses to provide the necessary energy for the punching operation. A punching press is a machine that uses a die and a punch to create holes, shapes, or other features in a material such as metal or plastic. The punching operation requires a significant amount of force and energy, which is provided by the flywheel.

The flywheel is connected to the punching press’s motor through a belt or gear system. The motor rotates the flywheel, which stores the energy in its rotating mass. When the punching operation begins, the flywheel’s energy is released, providing the necessary force to push the punch through the material being punched.

The use of a flywheel in a punching press provides several advantages:

1. High energy storage capacity: A flywheel can store a large amount of energy, which is released quickly when needed, providing the necessary force for the punching operation.
2. Smooth operation: The stored energy in the flywheel provides a smooth and consistent force for the punching operation, reducing vibration and minimising tool wear.
3. Energy efficiency: The flywheel’s energy storage reduces the peak power demand required from the motor, making the punching press more energy-efficient and reducing energy costs.
4. Safety: The use of a flywheel can make the punching press safer by reducing the risk of sudden motor overload, which can damage the motor or the press.

In summary, the flywheel is a critical component in a punching press, providing the necessary energy for the punching operation while improving safety, energy efficiency, and tool life.